|
Yakuza exclusion ordinances or Organized crime exclusion ordinances(暴力団排除条例) is the collective term for ordinances that aim to cut the citizen-yakuza relationship. The concept is "The yakuza versus society", shifting from "The yakuza versus the police". The ordinances prohibit citizens from making or keeping up a relationship with the yakuza. The targeted acts and treatment for the violators differ between prefectures. Some prefectures only set an obligation of 'endeavor' to citizens, or forced revelation of the violated companies as penalty. But others impose imprisonment or a fine on their citizens. Among the prefectures, Fukuoka leads the way in toughening the regulations. Fukuoka was the first prefecture where the comprehensive ordinance came into force: commencing April 10, 2010.〔http://www.police.pref.fukuoka.jp/boutai/sotai/012.html〕 Once the ordinances of Okinawa and Tokyo went into effect on October 10, 2011, all of Japan's prefectures have had the ordinance.〔https://www.nhk.or.jp/kaisetsu-blog/100/97004.html〕 The ordinances pursue cutting any implicit relationships between citizens and the yakuza. Some of the prohibitions contain punishment against citizens. But a few of the definitions and their range of application are blurry. Especially what acts should be regarded as “...a payoff that assists the yakuza’s activity or operation...” and “...close association with the yakuza...”; these definitions remain somewhat arbitrary for the authorities. == Criticisms == There are criticisms on violation of freedom of expression and yakuza's human rights.〔Joint Statement Seeking Abolition Of “Organized Crime Exclusion Ordinances” And Protesting Against Revision To Anti-Boryokudan Law http://www.bouhai-hantai.com/joint-statement〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yakuza exclusion ordinances」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|